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                    [post_date] => 2023-05-04 10:27:45
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                    [post_content] => Günümüzde, Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde bir markanın önemi oldukça büyüktür. Bir marka, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin müşterilerine sunduğu ürün veya hizmetlerinin kalitesini ve benzersizliğini yansıtan bir semboldür. İyi bir marka, ürün veya hizmetlerin müşteriler tarafından hatırlanmasını ve tercih edilmesini kolaylaştırır. Ayrıca marka sahibine rekabet avantajı sağlar ve pazarlama faaliyetlerine yatırım yapmış olması nedeniyle ticari itibarını arttırır.

Bu nedenle, bir marka, bir şirket veya üretici için büyük bir değer taşır. Özellikle, Türkiye'deki bir şirket veya üretici için, Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde bir markaya sahip olmak, uluslararası arenada rekabet edebilme potansiyelini arttırır. Hollanda, ticaret ve yatırım için önemli bir merkezdir ve Avrupa Birliği içindeki en büyük ekonomilerden biridir. Bu nedenle, bir Hollanda markası, Türkiye'deki bir şirketin veya üreticinin uluslararası pazarda tanınmasına ve müşteri portföyünü genişletmesine yardımcı olabilir.

Bir marka, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin sunduğu ürün veya hizmetlerin tanımlayıcı sembolüdür. Bir marka, müşterilerin zihninde kalıcı bir etki bırakır ve marka sahibinin ürünlerinin veya hizmetlerinin kalitesini yansıtır. İşte bir markanın sağladığı faydalar:

 	
Müşteri Sadakati: İyi bir marka, müşterilerin ürüne veya hizmete olan güvenini arttırır. Müşteriler, marka sahibi şirketi veya üreticiyi tercih ederek, kaliteli ürünler ve hizmetler aldıklarını düşündükleri için tekrar tercih ederler.
 	
Rekabet Avantajı: Marka sahibi şirketler, markalarının rekabet avantajı sağlayan bir faktör olduğunu biliyorlar. İyi bir marka, rakipler arasında öne çıkarak, müşteri portföyünü arttırır ve yeni müşterilerin ilgisini çeker.
 	
Ticari İtibar: Bir marka, bir şirketin veya üreticinin ticari itibarını arttırır. İyi bir marka, müşterilerin zihinlerinde kalıcı bir etki bırakır ve şirketin ya da üreticinin kaliteli ürünler ve hizmetler sunduğu düşüncesi yaratır.
 	
Yatırım Getirisi: Markalar, bir şirketin veya üreticinin yatırım getirisini arttırır. İyi bir marka, şirketin veya üreticinin pazarlama faaliyetlerine yatırım yapmış olduğunun ve ticari itibarının yüksek olduğunun bir göstergesidir.

Bir markanın ticari bir isme göre avantajları:

 	
Hatırlanabilirlik: İyi bir marka, müşterilerin zihninde kolayca yer eder ve hatırlanır. Ticari isimler ise genellikle kuru ve unutulmaz olabilir.
 	
Benzersizlik: Bir marka, benzersiz bir semboldür ve sadece o marka ile özdeşleştirilir. Ticari isimler ise genellikle sektöre özgü olabilir ve diğer şirketler tarafından kullanılabilir.
 	
Rekabet Avantajı: Marka sahibi şirketler, markalarının rekabet avantajı sağlayan bir faktör olduğunu biliyorlar. Ticari isimler ise genellikle marka algısını yaratamazlar ve şirketlerin rekabet avantajı sağlamasına yardımcı olamazlar.
 	
Ticari Koruma: Markalar, ticari bir isme göre daha kolay korunabilir. Markaların tescili, yasal korumalarının sağlanması için önemlidir ve marka sahibi şirketler, tescilli bir markayı korumak için yasal haklara sahib olurlar.

BG.legal olarak, marka tescili, marka danışmanlığı ve marka hukuku alanlarında hizmetler sunmaktayız. Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde marka tescili yaptırmak, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin markasının uluslararası düzeyde korunmasına yardımcı olur. Son olarak, marka hukuku alanında da müşterilerimize danışmanlık ve avukatlık hizmetleri sunarak, markalarının haklarının korunmasına yardımcı oluyoruz.


                    [post_title] => Hollanda ve Avrupa'da markalaşma
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                    [post_content] => On the 14th of February 2023, the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (hereinafter: ‘Committee’) has determined that the proposed EU-US Data Privacy Framework should not be adopted in its current form. The European Data Protection Board (hereinafter: ‘EDPB’) came to a similar conclusion in their opinion from the 28th of February 2023.

This blog provides details on the latest developments regarding the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, whilst also taking a closer look at the lessons learned from previous transfer mechanisms and the way in which it has shaped the opinions of the Committee and EPDB.
Prior mechanisms
In the past, personal data was exchanged between the EU and US on the grounds of the EU-US Privacy Shield. This was a contract concluded between the EU and the US, covering the protection of personal data from European citizens in the US.

On the 16th of July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter: ‘CJEU’) concluded that the EU-US Privacy Shield was invalid, due to the fact that said mechanism could not ensure an adequate level of protection of EU-citizen’s personal data within the US. This made the transfer of personal data between the EU and US significantly more difficult, considering that the extensive surveillance laws and regulations made it virtually impossible for organizations to guarantee an adequate level of protection within the US.

After those developments, the EU and US went back to the drawing board to draft a new framework that would meet the privacy requirements laid down in the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter: ‘GDPR’). On the 25th of march 2022,  the European Commission and the US government issued a joint statement, in which the parties declared that they had reached a “deal in principle” for a new Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework.

This arrangement still needed to be translated to legal documents. One of the first steps taken in the legislative process, was the signing of the US Executive Order and its accompanying regulations on the 7th of October by president Biden. The Executive Order curtailed the US investigative authorities’ access to personal data, seemingly paving the way for the arrival of a new EU-US Data Framework.
The Committee 
In a draft motion for a resolution, the Committee expressed concerns that the US domestic law is not fully compatible with the GDPR. One example is the lack of strong safeguards surrounding  government surveillance and consumer protection. The Committee is therefore of the opinion that the US is unable to provide the exact same level of protection that EU-citizens might enjoy within the European Economic Area (EER).

Moreover, the Committee has raised concerns regarding the fact that the Executive Order places no restrictions on large-scale data collection by investigative agencies. The Committee also notes that the US president can expand the list of legitimate purposes for which personal data from EU-citizens may be used at any given time. There is no obligation to make these changes public.

The Committee therefore concludes the framework - in its current form - should not be accepted, unless substantive modifications are made.


European Data Protection Board
Shortly after, the EDPB has also shared their opinion on the draft adequacy decision. The EDPB acknowledges that some improvements have been made, such as the introduction of the principles of necessity and proportionality for US intelligence agencies. Nevertheless, the EDPB also recommends addressing the remaining concerns, whilst also requesting more clarity on several points.

The concerns relate particularly to the rights of EU-citizens, further transfers of personal data, temporary bulk collection of data, the scope of exemptions and the practical functioning of the redress mechanism. Moreover, the EDPB desires that the entry into force must be conditioned upon the adoption of updated policies and procedures by all US intelligence agencies. The EDPB also recommends that the Commission assesses these updated policies and procedures and share their findings with the EDPB.
Conclusion 
With both the Committee and the EDPB still having concerns regarding the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, it might take some time before the mechanism will come into effect. Now it is a matter of time to see what changes will be made to the framework. We will continue to follow developments on this matter closely.

If you have any questions regarding this subject, please do not hesitate to contact Britt van den Branden of Stan Elsendoorn.


                    [post_title] => Current concerns regarding the EU-US Data Privacy Framework
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                    [post_date] => 2023-03-03 09:52:10
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                    [post_content] => When an employer has a vacancy, they will look for the most suitable new employee. Sometimes the job requires the applicant to have certain skills and knowledge. These job requirements may (indirectly) relate to candidate characteristics such as age or nationality. For example, an employer may want a future employee to speak Dutch or be familiar with the Dutch working culture.

Although these requirements may seem reasonable, they are not always permissible. Care should be taken when asking for certain job requirements. Some job requirements carry the risk that the employer is (indirectly) discriminating. This article outlines the relevant provisions on discrimination in job advertisements.
Prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination in job advertisements
Job advertisements must comply with the equal treatment requirements of the General Equal Treatment Act (Algemene wet gelijke behandeling, ‘AWGB’). This law prohibits job requirements that are - indirectly or directly - discriminatory.

Indirect discrimination occurs when a seemingly neutral job requirement disproportionately affects a group of persons of a particular:

 	
religion;
 	
belief;
 	
political affiliation;
 	
race, gender;
 	
nationality;
 	
age;
 	
heterosexual or homosexual orientation or
 	
marital status.

An example of an indirectly discriminatory job requirement is that applicants must be students. Although students can be of any age, most students are between 18 and 30 years old. This requirement has the effect of indirectly discriminating between applicants over 30 and those in the 18-30 age group.

A job requirement is directly discriminatory if it treats a person differently from how another person in a similar situation has been, is, or would be treated on one of the grounds listed for indirect discrimination.
Objective justification
Although there is a ban on discriminatory treatment in job requirements, indirect discrimination is permitted in some cases. The AWGB provides a ground for objective justification of indirect discrimination.

An indirectly discriminatory requirement is justified if the requirement has a legitimate aim and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary. The aim is legitimate if it is not unlawful, if it is sufficiently substantial and if the aim is not discriminatory. An aim is sufficiently substantial if it meets a genuine need of the business or a necessary objective of public social policy.

An example of a legitimate aim can be found in the concerning a job vacancy requiring knowledge of the Turkish and/or Moroccan languages. Including a language requirement in a vacancy constitutes indirect discrimination. An applicant of Turkish/Morrocan nationality will usually have a better knowledge of the language and culture than someone who does not have this nationality. However, the job involved looking after a group of mentally disabled clients who only spoke Turkish or Moroccan. The purpose of the requirement was to reach this group of clients properly. This aim is not unlawful, has no discriminatory basis and is sufficiently weighty. It ensures that good care can be provided, which is a genuine need of the business.

The discriminatory means is appropriate if it is capable of achieving the aim. The means is necessary if the aim cannot be achieved by a less discriminatory means. The example of the Turkish/Maroccan language requirement above is an example of an appropriate and a necessary means.

The language requirement was appropriate because knowledge of the language enabled communication with clients. The language requirement was necessary because good communication is very important when supporting this target group. Without the required language skills, proper care was not possible.
Requirement of knowledge of Dutch working culture 
This article also mentioned the requirement of knowledge of Dutch working culture. This requirement is more difficult to justify. The reason for this is the subsidiarity of means. A less far-reaching vacancy requirement is possible. Instead of a knowledge requirement, the vacancy requirement can also be adjusted so that people who are willing to get to know the Dutch working culture are also suitable. This would not exclude people of non-Dutch nationality.

Another way of including a preference for this type of knowledge in a job advertisement is to use a pre. A pre is not a job requirement. You do not need it to be hired. A pre is an advantage; candidates who have additional knowledge and skills may have a pre over other candidates. Often pre's are easy to learn with a course or training and therefore do not exclude candidates.
Conclusion 
The rules (as most of the time) leave room for interpretation and discussion when it comes to job requirements . Because of this grey area, an employer need to consider carefully whether a job requirement is potentially discriminatory. If there is any doubt about possible discrimination, it is possible to have the vacancy checked via the website of ‘het College voor de Rechten van de Mens’.

If you would like advice on a job vacancy, we can help you write the right job description to avoid discrimination.
                    [post_title] => A grey area: when are job requirements discriminatory?
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                    [post_date] => 2022-09-27 15:25:08
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                    [post_content] => Recently, the Rotterdam District Court addressed the question whether an advertisement (“ad”) text on Bol.com (a Dutch variant of Amazon) is protected by copyright. The court mentioned a number of elements in which creative choices can be made in a text with objective content[1].
The dispute
Plaintiff sells BBQ gloves on Bol.com, and had an ad text written by a third party for its ad on the platform. Plaintiff also obtained the copyrights to the text. Defendant in this matter copied the ad text almost one-to-one in its ad for BBQ gloves. Even mistakes in the text were copied. The plaintiff summoned the defendant to stop infringing its copyright, after which the defendant partly changed the ad text.

Defendant disputed that ad text can be protected by copyright. According to the defendant, the ad text is very general and basic, which means that it cannot have its own and original character.[2] And even if this should be the case, these rights do not – according to the defendant - accrue to the plaintiff.

The plaintiff, on the other hand, believes that the creative choices made are in the length of the sentences, used word choices, sentence construction as well as the explicitly chosen information and bold text, how the information is represented and in the layout of the text.
Courts judgement
Copyright
The court held that “a collection or certain selection of elements not protected in themselves, may be an (original) work, provided it bears the personal stamp of the creator.” The ad text contains factual information, but because it was incorporated into the text in a free and creative manner, the ad text enjoys copyright protection. The court also points out that the plaintiff was not asking for protection for some (enumerated) words, but for the text as a whole.

Copyright holder

The court does not go along with defendant’s defence that it does not appear that the third party has drafted the ad text for the BBQ gloves. However, the order confirmation clearly states that it concerns “Product description BBQ gloves Xamax”. The court concluded that the plaintiff must be regarded as the owner of the copyrights on the ad text.

Is there infringement?

Situation before the summons
The defendant argued that his ad text was based on the ad text of the plaintiff on Bol.com, that he copied the text and adjusted it on some points. However, it appears that the defendant copied the text one-to-one, including the language errors in the text. The plaintiff made two adjustment, changing the trademark and the heat resistance from 500 °C to 800 °C. Thus almost a complete reproduction of the ad text. According to the court, it is established that the defendant has infringed the copyright of the plaintiff.

Situation after the summons
De court’s view is that after the adjustments in the ad text, the defendant has sufficiently deviated from the plaintiff’s text. Therefore, there is no infringement on the plaintiff’s copyright from that point onwards.

Damages
If the defendant had asked permission to use the ad text, the plaintiff would have charged a licence fee of € 140. This amounts to the price paid by the plaintiff for the ad text. Since it has been established that infringement has taken place, the court awards the damages determined at € 140.

As the infringement was of a very short duration in combination with the ranking of the plaintiff’s ad against the defendant’s ranking, the court rejected damages for reduction of the exclusivity value of the ad. The plaintiff was in fact at the top of page 1 (of the 17 pages) with comparable gloves on Bol.com. In order to get to the defendant’s ad, one had to scroll far down.

Profit remittance
The plaintiff claims that the defendant has made a profit by using its ad text. According to the defendant, the consumer’s choice will be influenced by the ranking, brand and price of a product on Bol.com and not so much by the ad text.

The court follows the defendant’s defence and rejects the profit remittance. In doing so, the court distinguishes the subjective and objective content of a text. The copyright protection is only applicable to the subjective form of the text, which in this case is characterized by the length of the sentences, used word choices, sentence construction as well as the explicitly chosen information and boldfaced text, how the information is represented and the layout of the text, according to the court.
The practical implications
An ad text consist of subjective and objective content. Only the subjective content of the ad text is eligible for copyright protection. Thus, if the factual information about a product is processed in the ad text by creative choices in, for example, the length of sentences, choice of words, sentence construction as well as the explicitly chosen information is displayed and in the layout of the text, the ad text can be protected by copyright.

Do you have questions about copyright, want to have your ad text checked or want to take action against the use of your ad by someone else? Please do not hesitate to contact any of our specialists.

[1] In this case, factual information regarding the offered product.

[2] For a work to be protected under copyright, it is required for the work to have an own and original character and needs to bear the personal stamp of the creator, according to Dutch Copyright law.


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                    [post_content] => The organization that evaluates the trademark application checks whether a word or logo meets the basic requirements. Otherwise, an application will be rejected. The main reasons for rejections are:

 	
The word is self-explanatory: This is the most common reason for rejection. The word requested is descriptive when it describes the product or service for which it is requested, or their features.

For example, 'biomild' for mild flavoured organic yogurt or 'babydry' for diapers.

 	
The word has no distinguishing feature: For example, if a word or words cannot distinguish the product or service, it cannot be registered as a trademark.

For example, the word LIMO for lemonade syrup.

 	
If the word/logo is misleading: For example, if protection is requested for a logo containing images that may mislead consumers about the products/services to be offered under the trademark, the trademark applied for is misleading.

In case of rejection of the application, the costs and taxes paid are not refundable.
Extensive trademark research
In order to avoid rejection, we recommend that you do a preliminary research on the mark you want to register as a trademark.

In a comprehensive trademark research, we do not merely search for the previous use of the mark (or a similar mark) in the trademark register. For example, we also check Google and the Chamber of Commerce registry. As a result of our research, we produce a report in which we explain our research and give clear advice on our view, feasibility and risks we see.
Why BG.legal?
We specialize in advising and litigation in intellectual property law, including trademark law. We are doing research on the usability of trademarks. We also register, manage and track trademarks. We also assist clients in objection and infringement lawsuits and draft contracts for the transfer of trademarks.
Costs
The cost of the extensive trademark research depends on the number of countries and the number of classes to which the mark will be applied for.
More information?
For more information, please contact one of our IP specialists.

Click here for the Turkish version.


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Marka tescil şartlar nelerdir?
Marka tescil başvurusunu değerlendiren kuruluş, bir kelime veya logonun temel kriterleri karşılayıp karşılamadığını kontrol etmektedir. Aksi takdirde, bir başvuru reddedilecektir. Reddedilmenin ana nedenleri şunlardır:

 	
Kelime açıklayıcıdır: Bu reddetmenin en yaygın nedenidir. Talep edilen kelime, talep edildiği ürün veya hizmeti veya bunların özelliklerini tanımladığında açıklayıcıdır.
Örneğin, hafif bir tada sahip organik yoğurt için 'biomild' veya bebek bezleri için 'babydry'.
 	
Kelimenin ayırt edici özelliği yoktur: Örneğin bir kelime veya kelimeler ürünü veya hizmeti ayırt edemiyorsa marka olarak tescil edilemez.
Örneğin, limonata şurubu için LIMO kelimesi.
 	
Kelime/logo yanıltıcı olursa: Örneğin marka altında sunulacak ürünler/hizmetler hakkında tüketicileri yanıltabilecek görsel içeren bir logo için koruma talep ediliyorsa, başvuru yapılan marka yanıltıcıdır.

Başvurunun reddedilmesi durumunda, ödenmiş olan masraflar ve vergiler iade edilmiyodur.
Kapsamlı araştırma
Reddedilmeyi önlemek için, marka olarak başvurmak istediğiniz işaret hakkında ön araştırma yapmanızi tavsiye ederiz.

Kapsamlı bir marka araştırmasında, sadece markanın (veya benzer bir markanın) marka sicilinde önceki kullanımını araştırmakla kalmıyoruz. Örneğin, Google'ı ve Ticaret Odası sicilini de kontrol ediyoruz. Araştırmamız sonucunda, araştırmamızı açıkladığımız ve görüşümüz, fizibilite ve gördüğümüz riskler hakkında net tavsiyeler verdiğimiz bir rapor hazırlıyoruz.
Maliyet
Soruşturmanın maliyeti, markanın uygulanacağı ülke sayısına ve sınıf sayısına bağlıdır.
Neden BG.legal?
Marka hukuku da dahil olmak üzere fikri mülkiyet hukuku konusunda danışmanlık ve dava açma konusunda uzmanız. Markaların kullanılabilirliği konusunda araştırma yapıyoruz. Ayrıca markaları tesciol ederiz, yönetir ve izleriz. Ayrıca, itiraz ve ihlal davalarında müvekkillere yardımcı oluyoruz ve markaların devri için sözleşmeler hazırlıyoruz.
Daha fazla bilgi?
Kapsamlı araştırma hakkında fazla bilgi veya başka sorularınız için benimle iletişime geçebilirsiniz.


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Neden bir kelimeyi veya logoyu marka olarak tescil ettirmelisiniz?
Bir marka tescili ile, bir marka sahibi, belirli ürünler veya hizmetler için bir marka [kelime ve/veya logo] kullanma münhasır hakkını elde eder.

Marka sahibi, marka hakkını veya markaya çok benzeyen bir işareti kullanan herkese karşı marka hakkını ileri sürebilir. Daha sonra, markanın tescilli olduğu ürün veya hizmetlerin kullanımına ilişkin olmalıdır. Bu nedenle pek çok şey, bir markanın tescil edildiği ürün ve/veya hizmetlerin iyi bir şekilde tanımlanmasına bağlıdır. İşte bu noktada bilgimiz ve tecrübemiz devreye giriyor. Marka ihlali durumunda da dava açtığımız için yasal bir anlaşmazlıkta neyin önemli olduğunu biliyoruz. Ve bu bilgi ve deneyim, markaların tescili sırasında da işe yarar.
Nerde koruma istiyorsunuz?
Yalnızca markayı tescil ettirdiğiniz yerde korumanız olur.

Benelüks
Benelüks'te tek bir marka tescil sistemimiz var. Bir tescil ile, bir marka sahibi, Benelüks'ün tüm ülkelerinde korumaya sahiptir. Yani Belçika, Lüksemburg ve Hollanda’da.

Avrupa Birliği
Avrupa Birliği içinde bir Topluluk markamız var. Alicante'deki [İspanya] EUIPO, Topluluk markası için başvuruları ele almaktadır. Bir tescil ile marka sahibi, Avrupa Birliği'nin tüm ülkelerinde korumaya sahiptir. Bu, bir kelime veya logonun Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinden birinde geçerli bir marka olmaması durumunda, başvurunun tüm Avrupa Birliği için reddedileceği anlamına gelir. Örneğin, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinden birindeki bir kelime, tescili talep edilen ürünleri/hizmetleri tarif ettiği için. Bu, kapsamlı bir marka araştırması yapmayı önemli kılar.

Uluslararası
Farklı ülkeler için marka tescili tek bir acente [WIPO] aracılığıyla yapılabilir. ABD, Çin ve AB gibi ülkeler üyedir. Başvuru WIPO'ya yapılır ve ardından başvuruda seçilen ülkeler için marka başvurularına bölünür. Bu nedenle koruma talep edilen ülkelerin seçimi, markanın kullanılacağı ülkelere bağlıdır.
Marka sahibinin yükümlülükleri
Bir marka, tescilden sonraki beş yıl içinde ticarette normal olarak kullanılmalıdır. Dolayısıyla bir marka, gelecekte kullanılabileceği bir ülke için de tescil edilebilir. Bir Topluluk markası için, beş yıl içinde Avrupa Birliği'nin en az üç ülkesinde kullanılmalıdır.

Marka sahibi de tescil için markanın kayıtlı olduğu ofise [BOIP, EUIPO, vb.] ödeme yapmakla yükümlüdür. Bu masrafların önceden ödenmesi gerekmektedir. Marka tescili belirli bir süre [10 yıl] için geçerlidir. Bundan sonra, tescil her seferinde 10 yıl uzatılabilir.
Maliyet

Maliyetleri olabildiğince net tutmak için sabit oranlarla çalışıyoruz. Maliyetler, bir marka için başvurulan alan ve sınıf sayısına bağlıdır.
Neden BG.legal?
Marka hukuku da dahil olmak üzere fikri mülkiyet hukuku konusunda danışmanlık ve dava açma konusunda uzmanız. Markaların kullanılabilirliği konusunda araştırma yapıyoruz. Ayrıca markaları kaydeder, yönetir ve izleriz. Ayrıca, itiraz ve ihlal davalarında müvekkillere yardımcı oluyoruz ve markaların devri için sözleşmeler hazırlıyoruz.

Marka başvurusu yaparken başvuruyu hazırlayacağız, aynı kelime işaretini araştıracağız ve size markanın sertifikasını göndereceğiz.
Daha fazla bilgi?
Marka başvuruları ve maliyetleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi veya diğer sorularınız için benimle iletişime geçebilirsiniz, kahya@bg.legal veya +31 (0) 88 141 08 74.


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                    [post_content] => With a trademark registration, a trademark owner acquires the exclusive right to use a trademark [word and/or logo] for certain products or services.

The trademark owner can assert the trademark right against anyone who uses the trademark or a sign very similar to the trademark. It should relate to the use of products or services for which the mark is registered. Therefore, much depends on a good description of the products and/or services for which a trademark is registered. This is where our knowledge and experience come into play. We know what's important in a legal dispute, as we also sue for trademark infringement. And this knowledge and experience is also useful during the registration of trademarks.
Where do you want protection?
You only have protection where you register the trademark.

Benelux
We have a single trademark registration system in the Benelux. With a registration, a trademark owner has protection in all countries of the Benelux. That is in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

European Union
We have a Community trademark within the European Union. EUIPO in Alicante [Spain] handles applications for the Community trademark. With a registration, the trademark owner has protection in all countries of the European Union. This means that if a word or logo is not a valid trademark in one of the European Union countries, the application will be rejected for the entire European Union. For example, if a word in one of the European Union countries describes the products/services. This makes it important to do an extensive trademark research.

International
Trademark registration for different countries can be done through a single agency [WIPO]. Countries such as the USA, China and the EU are members. The application is made to WIPO and then split into trademark applications for the countries selected in the application. For this reason, the choice of countries for which protection is requested depends on the countries where the trademark will be used.
Obligations of the trademark owner
A trademark must be normal used in commerce within five years of the registration. Therefore, a trademark can also be registered for a country where it can be used in the future. For a Community trademark, it must be used in at least three countries of the European Union within five years.
Why BG.legal?

We specialize in advising and litigation in intellectual property law, including trademark law. We are doing research on the usability of trademarks. We also register, manage and track trademarks. We also assist clients in objection and infringement lawsuits and draft contracts for the transfer of trademarks.

When applying for a trademark, we will prepare the application, search for the same word mark and send you the certificate of the trademark.
Costs
We work with fixed rates to keep costs as clear as possible. The costs depend on the number of fields and classes applied for in a trademark application.
More information?
For more information, please contact one of our IP specialists.

Click here for the Turkish version.


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                    [post_content] => Deadly diseases still exist to this day and they need to be addressed. Thus, we have to predict, prevent and respond to the outbreak of deadly viruses like COVID-19. Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) technology may be of help here, as it combines the computational capacity of a computer with the reasoning ability of humans. AI technologies (e.g. Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Deep Learning) are applied in all stages of drug discovery, for example: target validation, identification of biomarkers, lead optimization, annotation and analysis of clinical data in trails, pharmacovigilance and clinical use optimization. Nonetheless, these AI applications create both regulatory and legal challenges.

The AI Act, an initiative of the European Commission, will also have its effect on the application of AI in the pharmaceutical industry. This legal framework addresses, inter alia, the risks specifically created by AI applications. Particularly when AI systems are applied in a pharmaceutical setting (e.g. health apps), or when software is classified as a medical device on the basis of the Medical Device Regulation, the integrated AI system will fall within the high risk category. Consequently, AI systems in the field of pharmaceutics have to comply with the strict requirements set in place for a high risk AI system.

Additionally, the AI Act introduces the AI regulatory Sandbox. This is an instrument where innovators and regulators may connect with one another. Subsequently, it provides a controlled environment for them to cooperate. It should facilitate the development, testing and validation of innovative AI systems, but simultaneously ensuring compliance with the AI Act. Therefore, this instrument offers interesting possibilities for AI systems used in pharma. See this blog for more information on the AI Act.
Regulatory challenges
The International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA) has made a report of a horizontal scanning exercise in AI.[1] In order to examine the challenges the use of AI poses to global medicine regulation, two hypothetical case studies were developed.

a. AI in clinical medicine development and use: A Central Nervous System App

 	
Regulators need to take into consideration the context of use of the AI system and its software and algorithm(s);
 	
Validation may require access to the underlying algorithm and datasets by regulators;
 	
Updates to the AI software or hardware would need re-testing or bridging studies to ensure reproducibility/validation.

b. Hypothetical case study: AI in pharmacovigilance

 	
The challenge lies in creating the right balance between AI and human oversight of signal detection and management;
 	
AI use may discover safety signals that are more difficult to detect with current methods;
 	
Software updates that affect the data will need to be communicated to regulators.

Recommendations:

 	
The validation will require access to the employed algorithms and underlying datasets. Legal and regulatory frameworks may need to be adapted to ensure such access options.
 	
Consider the concept of a Qualified Person responsible for AI/algorithm(s) oversight compliance.

Legal challenges

 	
Regulatory status of AI/ML software
 	
Black box: explainable AI
 	
Securing data against cyber attacks

1. Algorithm
In most cases the algorithm (software) will be developed by a data science company (and not by the pharmaceutical company). Therefore, parties need to address issues like liability, a license for the use of the software service/updates of the software by way of an agreement. Furthermore, the data science company needs to develop the software in such a way that the pharmaceutical company can meet the regulatory requirements (transparency, explainability and a possible regulatory access to the employed algorithms and underlying datasets). The pharmaceutical company will also need a license to use the software. This license agreement needs to address issues regarding ownership and usage rights. One of the reasons for this is that, from a legal perspective, ‘ownership’ (in Dutch: ‘eigendom’) of data is not possible. On the other hand, the data science company may want to use the algorithm or knowhow related to developing the algorithm, for other customers. This therefore needs to be addressed in the agreement.
Legal issues:

 	
IP related to the software/data sets used to develop and train the algorithm.
 	
IP related to AI and the outcome of the AI system (who has rights to the newly structured data, the correlations derived from the data, the compounds discovered).
 	
Exit rights: can the pharmaceutical company transfer the algorithm/data to another data science company.
 	
If the data science company may use the knowhow for other customers.
 	
Liability for the outcome of the AI system.
 	
Non-performance of the AI system.
 	
Explainable XAI: black box prediction model.

2. Dataset 
There is a rapid growth in all kind of datasets that are useful in the process of drug discovery. In each phase of drug discovery different sources are used. The legal challenges that will arise in a certain case will depend on the nature of the dataset. In most cases the dataset will contain non-personal (health) data. When AI is used for target identification or lead optimization, the data set will not contain personal data. However, if AI is used for disease identification of in a diagnostic contact or in clinical trials, the data will contain personal (health) data. This will also be the case in the phase of monitoring the medicines or the medical treatment. This is especially true for rare diseases during this phase, as the number of patients will be small. For this reason, it will become increasingly difficult to anonymize the data in a way that the data cannot be linked to a specific person. When the dataset does contain personal (health) data, ethical aspects need to be taken into consideration:
transparency and explainability (problem of opacity); equality, fairness and non-discrimination (problem of bias) and data quality and data sharing (problem of privacy).
Legal issues:

 	
Privacy: does the dataset contain personal (health) data
 	
Quality of the dataset used is bias
 	
Data sharing: conditions for data sharing
 	
IP related to the data set
 	
IP related to the AI system
 	
Liability for the outcome of the AI system

Contact
For more information in relation to AI in pharma, contact Jos van der Wijst.

[1] ICMRA, Informal Innovation Network, Horizon Scanning Assessment Report – Artificial Intelligence, 6 August 2021



 
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                    [post_content] => The European Commission has proposed a legal framework on Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’). This AI Act proposes a risk based approach with clear requirements and obligations regarding specific uses of AI. More specifically, the AI Act defines 4 levels of risk in AI: (i) Unacceptable risk, (ii) High risk, (iii) Limited risk and (iv) Minimal / No risk. All AI systems need to be categorized, based on a self-assessment, in one of these levels.

Most of the AI systems used in Pharma

will probably either fall within level III or IV. If the AI system forms a component of a product (e.g. the Central Nervous System App in the ICMRA report[1]) it will probably be considered a high risk level AI System. As a result, these AI systems will be subject to strict obligations. For example:

 	
Adequate risk assessment and mitigation systems;
 	
High quality of the datasets feeding the system to minimize risks and discriminatory outcomes;
 	
Logging of activity to ensure traceability of results;
 	
Detailed documentation providing all information necessary to the system and its purpose for authorities to assess its compliance;
 	
Clear and adequate information to the user;
 	
Appropriate human oversight measures to minimize risk;
 	
High level of robustness, security and accuracy.

Moreover, as key risks for AI related to health are mentioned[2]:

 	


 	
Bias in training data may lead to discrimination and individual injury/death (i.e., racial bias may lead to incorrect diagnoses) and deepen existing socio-economic inequalities;
 	
Technical system errors in AI could lead to mass patient injuries because of widespread use; Increased use and sharing of health data threatens privacy and data protection rights of patients;
 	
Lack of transparency and explainability threatens patients’ rights to information and to informed consent to medical treatment;
 	
Issues with cybersecurity threaten patients’ health in the case of cyberattacks on for example insulin pumps and pacemakers.

 

It is therefore suggested to classify all health-related AI systems as ‘high risk’ as referred to in Annex III of the AI Act (i.e. public health, pharmaceuticals and wellbeing).
AI regulatory sandbox
The proposal for the AI Act also introduces the instrument of the AI Regulatory Sandbox. This is “a controlled environment that facilitates the development, testing and validation of innovative AI systems for a limited time before their placement on the market or putting into service”.

The benefits of a regulatory sandbox in pharma are:

 	
Early involvement of the regulator (aim of mutual learning and adaptation)
 	
Faster adaptation of current regulations to suit the new product or service.

Contact
For more information in relation to (legal aspects of) AI, please contact Jos van der Wijst.

[1] ICMRA, Informal Innovation Network, Horizon Scanning Assessment Report – Artificial Intelligence, 6 August 2021

[2] https://haiweb.org/prioritise-health-in-the-artificial-intelligence-act



 

 
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            [post_content] => Günümüzde, Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde bir markanın önemi oldukça büyüktür. Bir marka, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin müşterilerine sunduğu ürün veya hizmetlerinin kalitesini ve benzersizliğini yansıtan bir semboldür. İyi bir marka, ürün veya hizmetlerin müşteriler tarafından hatırlanmasını ve tercih edilmesini kolaylaştırır. Ayrıca marka sahibine rekabet avantajı sağlar ve pazarlama faaliyetlerine yatırım yapmış olması nedeniyle ticari itibarını arttırır.

Bu nedenle, bir marka, bir şirket veya üretici için büyük bir değer taşır. Özellikle, Türkiye'deki bir şirket veya üretici için, Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde bir markaya sahip olmak, uluslararası arenada rekabet edebilme potansiyelini arttırır. Hollanda, ticaret ve yatırım için önemli bir merkezdir ve Avrupa Birliği içindeki en büyük ekonomilerden biridir. Bu nedenle, bir Hollanda markası, Türkiye'deki bir şirketin veya üreticinin uluslararası pazarda tanınmasına ve müşteri portföyünü genişletmesine yardımcı olabilir.

Bir marka, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin sunduğu ürün veya hizmetlerin tanımlayıcı sembolüdür. Bir marka, müşterilerin zihninde kalıcı bir etki bırakır ve marka sahibinin ürünlerinin veya hizmetlerinin kalitesini yansıtır. İşte bir markanın sağladığı faydalar:

 	
Müşteri Sadakati: İyi bir marka, müşterilerin ürüne veya hizmete olan güvenini arttırır. Müşteriler, marka sahibi şirketi veya üreticiyi tercih ederek, kaliteli ürünler ve hizmetler aldıklarını düşündükleri için tekrar tercih ederler.
 	
Rekabet Avantajı: Marka sahibi şirketler, markalarının rekabet avantajı sağlayan bir faktör olduğunu biliyorlar. İyi bir marka, rakipler arasında öne çıkarak, müşteri portföyünü arttırır ve yeni müşterilerin ilgisini çeker.
 	
Ticari İtibar: Bir marka, bir şirketin veya üreticinin ticari itibarını arttırır. İyi bir marka, müşterilerin zihinlerinde kalıcı bir etki bırakır ve şirketin ya da üreticinin kaliteli ürünler ve hizmetler sunduğu düşüncesi yaratır.
 	
Yatırım Getirisi: Markalar, bir şirketin veya üreticinin yatırım getirisini arttırır. İyi bir marka, şirketin veya üreticinin pazarlama faaliyetlerine yatırım yapmış olduğunun ve ticari itibarının yüksek olduğunun bir göstergesidir.

Bir markanın ticari bir isme göre avantajları:

 	
Hatırlanabilirlik: İyi bir marka, müşterilerin zihninde kolayca yer eder ve hatırlanır. Ticari isimler ise genellikle kuru ve unutulmaz olabilir.
 	
Benzersizlik: Bir marka, benzersiz bir semboldür ve sadece o marka ile özdeşleştirilir. Ticari isimler ise genellikle sektöre özgü olabilir ve diğer şirketler tarafından kullanılabilir.
 	
Rekabet Avantajı: Marka sahibi şirketler, markalarının rekabet avantajı sağlayan bir faktör olduğunu biliyorlar. Ticari isimler ise genellikle marka algısını yaratamazlar ve şirketlerin rekabet avantajı sağlamasına yardımcı olamazlar.
 	
Ticari Koruma: Markalar, ticari bir isme göre daha kolay korunabilir. Markaların tescili, yasal korumalarının sağlanması için önemlidir ve marka sahibi şirketler, tescilli bir markayı korumak için yasal haklara sahib olurlar.

BG.legal olarak, marka tescili, marka danışmanlığı ve marka hukuku alanlarında hizmetler sunmaktayız. Hollanda ve Avrupa Birliği'nde marka tescili yaptırmak, bir şirketin ya da üreticinin markasının uluslararası düzeyde korunmasına yardımcı olur. Son olarak, marka hukuku alanında da müşterilerimize danışmanlık ve avukatlık hizmetleri sunarak, markalarının haklarının korunmasına yardımcı oluyoruz.


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